Understanding:
- Amino acids are linked together by condensation to form polypeptides
- There are twenty different amino acids in polypeptides synthesized on ribosomes
- Amino acids can be linked together by any sequence giving a huge range of possible polypeptides
- A protein may consist of a single polypeptide or more than one polypeptide linked together
- Living organisms synthesize many different proteins with a wide range of functions
Applications:
- Denaturation of proteins by heat or deviation of pH from the optimum
Skills:
- Draw molecular diagrams to show the formation of a peptide bond
Amino Acids and Polypeptides
Amino acids are linked together by condensation to form polypeptides.
Polypeptides are chains of linked amino acids through condensation. This happens on ribosomes. Polypetides are the main component of proteins and in many proteins they are the only component. The condensation reaction involves the amine group (NH2) of the amino acid the carboxyl group (COOH) of another. Water is eliminated and a new bond is formed between the two amino acids, which is called a peptide bond. A polypeptide is a molecule consisting of many amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
- Amino acids are linked together by condensation to form polypeptides
- There are twenty different amino acids in polypeptides synthesized on ribosomes
- Amino acids can be linked together by any sequence giving a huge range of possible polypeptides
- A protein may consist of a single polypeptide or more than one polypeptide linked together
- Living organisms synthesize many different proteins with a wide range of functions
Applications:
- Denaturation of proteins by heat or deviation of pH from the optimum
Skills:
- Draw molecular diagrams to show the formation of a peptide bond
Amino Acids and Polypeptides
Amino acids are linked together by condensation to form polypeptides.
Polypeptides are chains of linked amino acids through condensation. This happens on ribosomes. Polypetides are the main component of proteins and in many proteins they are the only component. The condensation reaction involves the amine group (NH2) of the amino acid the carboxyl group (COOH) of another. Water is eliminated and a new bond is formed between the two amino acids, which is called a peptide bond. A polypeptide is a molecule consisting of many amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
Diversity
of Amino Acids
There are twenty different amino acids in polypeptides synthesized on ribosomes.
The amino acids that are linked together by ribosomes to make polypeptides all have some kind of identical structure features: a carbon atom in the centre of the molecule is bonded to an amine group, a carboxyl group and a hydrogen atom. The carbon is also bonded to an R group, which is different in each amino acid.
- There are 20 different amino acids in polypeptides synthesized on ribosomes.
- Amino acids can be linked together in any sequence giving a huge range of possible polypeptides.
Genes and polypeptides:
The amino acid sequence of polypeptides is coded for by genes
Proteins and polypeptides
A protein may consist of a single peptide or more than one polypeptide linked together
Protein Functions
Living organisms synthesize many different proteins with a wide range of functions.
- Muscle contraction: actin a myosin together cause the muscle contractions used in locomotion and transport around the body
- Membrane transport: membrane proteins are used for facilitated difusión and active transport.
- Packing of the DNA: histones are associated with DNA in eukaryotes and help chromosomes to condense during mitosis
- Immunity: this is the most diverse Group of proteins, as cells can make huge numbers of different antibodies.
Denaturation of proteins by heat or pH extremes
The three-dimensional conformation of proteins is stabilized by Bonds or interations between R groups of amino acids within the molecule. Most of these Bonds and interactions are relatively Peak and they can be disrupted or broken, if this happens, it is called denaturation.
Denaturation can occur because of heat; it causes vibrations within the molecule that can break intermolecular bons or interactions.
Extremes of pH, both acidic and alkaline, can also cause denaturation. This is because charges on R groups are changed, breaking ionic bonds within the protein or causing new ionic bonds to form.
There are twenty different amino acids in polypeptides synthesized on ribosomes.
The amino acids that are linked together by ribosomes to make polypeptides all have some kind of identical structure features: a carbon atom in the centre of the molecule is bonded to an amine group, a carboxyl group and a hydrogen atom. The carbon is also bonded to an R group, which is different in each amino acid.
- There are 20 different amino acids in polypeptides synthesized on ribosomes.
- Amino acids can be linked together in any sequence giving a huge range of possible polypeptides.
Genes and polypeptides:
The amino acid sequence of polypeptides is coded for by genes
Proteins and polypeptides
A protein may consist of a single peptide or more than one polypeptide linked together
Protein Functions
Living organisms synthesize many different proteins with a wide range of functions.
- Muscle contraction: actin a myosin together cause the muscle contractions used in locomotion and transport around the body
- Membrane transport: membrane proteins are used for facilitated difusión and active transport.
- Packing of the DNA: histones are associated with DNA in eukaryotes and help chromosomes to condense during mitosis
- Immunity: this is the most diverse Group of proteins, as cells can make huge numbers of different antibodies.
Denaturation of proteins by heat or pH extremes
The three-dimensional conformation of proteins is stabilized by Bonds or interations between R groups of amino acids within the molecule. Most of these Bonds and interactions are relatively Peak and they can be disrupted or broken, if this happens, it is called denaturation.
Denaturation can occur because of heat; it causes vibrations within the molecule that can break intermolecular bons or interactions.
Extremes of pH, both acidic and alkaline, can also cause denaturation. This is because charges on R groups are changed, breaking ionic bonds within the protein or causing new ionic bonds to form.
Theory of Knowledge:
Development of some techniques benefits particular human populations more than others. For example, the development of lactose-free milk available in Europe and North America would have greater benefit in Africa/Asia where lactose intolerance is more prevalent. The development of techniques requires financial investment. Should knowledge be shared when techniques developed in one part of the world are more applicable in another?
Yes, it is of importance of trying to keep the whole world's population healthy despite of the different economic situation in countries. The WHO (World Health Organization) should be in charge of making sure that continents like Africa, in which poverty is more common than in North America, are aware of the production of lactose-free milk for their own health and security.
Development of some techniques benefits particular human populations more than others. For example, the development of lactose-free milk available in Europe and North America would have greater benefit in Africa/Asia where lactose intolerance is more prevalent. The development of techniques requires financial investment. Should knowledge be shared when techniques developed in one part of the world are more applicable in another?
Yes, it is of importance of trying to keep the whole world's population healthy despite of the different economic situation in countries. The WHO (World Health Organization) should be in charge of making sure that continents like Africa, in which poverty is more common than in North America, are aware of the production of lactose-free milk for their own health and security.